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Tuesday, February 12, 2013
Documentary Film production ~ Filmmaking and Film Editing ...
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Noisy classroom simulation aids comprehension in hearing-impaired children
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Public release date: 11-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Molly McElroy
mollywmc@uw.edu
206-543-2580
University of Washington
Children with hearing loss struggle to hear in noisy school classrooms, even with the help of hearing aids and other devices to amplify their teacher's voice. Training the brain to filter out background noise and thus understand spoken words could help the academic performance and quality of life for children who struggle to hear, but there's been little evidence that such noise training works in youngsters.
A new report showed about a 50 percent increase in speech comprehension in background noise when children with hearing impairments followed a three-week auditory training regimen. The effect was still evident when the children were tested three months after the training ended.
The findings are among the first to demonstrate that auditory training with noise can work in children. Other studies show that similar regimens help hearing-impaired adults.
The training involves repeated exposure to speech masked by noise, and is intended to teach the brain how to receive information and process it more efficiently. This could help hearing-impaired children who struggle to keep up in noisy classrooms.
"It's not a fair playing field with their normal-hearing peers," said Jessica Sullivan, lead author and a University of Washington assistant professor of speech and hearing sciences. "They have the best technology, but it's not enough they still miss things."
People with normal hearing usually filter out background noise seamlessly. If a loud truck rumbles by, they can still understand a conversation because their brains work quickly to fill in sounds that they might have missed.
But people with hearing loss take in sound more slowly, and brain regions that process hearing aren't as adept at filling in muffled information.
In Sullivan's study, published in the January issue of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, hearing-impaired youngsters ages 6 to 17 attended seven one-hour sessions spread across three weeks. They listened to a series of sentences, such as "We saw two brown bears" or "Grandmother gave Bob red beans," masked by staticky background noise intended to simulate a clattering classroom scene.
During the sessions, Sullivan gradually made the regimen more demanding by ratcheting up the number of words in the sentences, the noise volume and the time between hearing the sentence and identifying what words were said. The children had to give correct answers 80 percent of the time before advancing to the next level of difficulty.
Three months after the training, the participants still showed improvements in word recognition over the noise.
Sullivan also found that auditory training with a crackling noise called "interrupted" because white noise was interspersed with fleeting five- to 95-millisecond silences increased hearing comprehension more than using continuous white noise. Children in the interrupted noise group showed about a 50 percent increase in speech intelligibility compared with their hearing at the beginning of the experiment.
"The maintenance of the improvement is a truly significant finding," Sullivan said. "It indicates that new hearing and listening strategies have been developed to detect speech despite noise."
The next step in the research is to see how the regimen works for other people, such as adults and cochlear-implant users, and to other types of noise, including real-world settings.
###
Co-authors are Linda Thibodeau and Peter Assmann of the University of Texas at Dallas, where the study was conducted. The study was funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.
For more information, contact Sullivan at 206-616-5273 or sulli10@uw.edu.
Research paper: http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v133/i1/p495_s1.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 11-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Molly McElroy
mollywmc@uw.edu
206-543-2580
University of Washington
Children with hearing loss struggle to hear in noisy school classrooms, even with the help of hearing aids and other devices to amplify their teacher's voice. Training the brain to filter out background noise and thus understand spoken words could help the academic performance and quality of life for children who struggle to hear, but there's been little evidence that such noise training works in youngsters.
A new report showed about a 50 percent increase in speech comprehension in background noise when children with hearing impairments followed a three-week auditory training regimen. The effect was still evident when the children were tested three months after the training ended.
The findings are among the first to demonstrate that auditory training with noise can work in children. Other studies show that similar regimens help hearing-impaired adults.
The training involves repeated exposure to speech masked by noise, and is intended to teach the brain how to receive information and process it more efficiently. This could help hearing-impaired children who struggle to keep up in noisy classrooms.
"It's not a fair playing field with their normal-hearing peers," said Jessica Sullivan, lead author and a University of Washington assistant professor of speech and hearing sciences. "They have the best technology, but it's not enough they still miss things."
People with normal hearing usually filter out background noise seamlessly. If a loud truck rumbles by, they can still understand a conversation because their brains work quickly to fill in sounds that they might have missed.
But people with hearing loss take in sound more slowly, and brain regions that process hearing aren't as adept at filling in muffled information.
In Sullivan's study, published in the January issue of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, hearing-impaired youngsters ages 6 to 17 attended seven one-hour sessions spread across three weeks. They listened to a series of sentences, such as "We saw two brown bears" or "Grandmother gave Bob red beans," masked by staticky background noise intended to simulate a clattering classroom scene.
During the sessions, Sullivan gradually made the regimen more demanding by ratcheting up the number of words in the sentences, the noise volume and the time between hearing the sentence and identifying what words were said. The children had to give correct answers 80 percent of the time before advancing to the next level of difficulty.
Three months after the training, the participants still showed improvements in word recognition over the noise.
Sullivan also found that auditory training with a crackling noise called "interrupted" because white noise was interspersed with fleeting five- to 95-millisecond silences increased hearing comprehension more than using continuous white noise. Children in the interrupted noise group showed about a 50 percent increase in speech intelligibility compared with their hearing at the beginning of the experiment.
"The maintenance of the improvement is a truly significant finding," Sullivan said. "It indicates that new hearing and listening strategies have been developed to detect speech despite noise."
The next step in the research is to see how the regimen works for other people, such as adults and cochlear-implant users, and to other types of noise, including real-world settings.
###
Co-authors are Linda Thibodeau and Peter Assmann of the University of Texas at Dallas, where the study was conducted. The study was funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.
For more information, contact Sullivan at 206-616-5273 or sulli10@uw.edu.
Research paper: http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v133/i1/p495_s1.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/uow-ncs021113.php
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Monday, February 11, 2013
'Laborist' obstetrical care improves pregnancy outcomes
Feb. 11, 2013 ? In a study to be presented on February 16 between 8 a.m., and 10 a.m. PST, at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine's annual meeting, The Pregnancy Meeting ?, in San Francisco, researchers will report findings that suggest shifting from a traditional model of obstetrical care to a laborist model improves pregnancy outcomes.
The "laborist" concept has been around for nearly a decade. In this model, obstetricians provide 24-hour a day on-site staffing of labor units. While it has been assumed that laborists improve obstetric care, there had been no studies done to test whether it does and how much it helps. Sindhu K. Srinivas, MD, MSCE and director of obstetrical services at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and her team worked with a non-profit organization, the National Perinatal Information Center and 24 of their member hospitals to determine the effectiveness of the laborist model.
"Many hospitals have moved toward adopting the laborist model, and it's critically important to determine whether it is improving pregnancy outcomes," explained Srinivas.
The study matched 8 laborist hospitals to 16 non-laborist hospitals accounting for location, volume of deliveries, the presence of a neonatal ICU and teaching status.
"The hospitals selected were diverse in terms of volume with 30 percent of the data coming from hospitals with more than 5,000 births a year, 44 percent from hospitals with 2,500 to 5,000 births per year and 25 percent from hospitals with less than a 2,500 births per year," said Srinivas.
The study showed that using the laborist model resulted in 15 percent fewer labor inductions, reduced maternal length of stay (0.09 days), and a significant reduction in preterm delivery (17 percent).
"We thought the laborist model would improve pregnancy outcomes and now we have data that demonstrates that," said Srinivas. We need to do more research to understand the mechanism by which these outcomes are improved but this is a start."
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/TtNWGAjW5y8/130211102302.htm
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Facebook Inc (FB) and Zynga Inc (ZNGA) Divorce a Success
Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB) released its 2012 10-K several days ago. Pivotal Research is out with a new report on Facebook using information from the latest SEC filing.?They note that Facebook has been successfully diversifying the company?s base of developers away from Zynga Inc (NASDAQ:ZNGA), improving the value of the Platform to all of its constituents. For example, they estimate that non?Zynga Inc (NASDAQ:ZNGA)?payments remitted to developers tripled year-over-year in 2012, from around $300mm to $1bn. As well, the number of users who purchased virtual goods nearly doubled year-over-year.
In July of last year, the market reacted very negatively to news that Zynga Inc (NASDAQ:ZNGA)?s revenues from (and thus spending on) Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB)?was weakening. As the analysts learned in the 10-K, total revenues from Zynga amounted to 7% of Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB)?revenues for the quarter, or $111mm (down 14% year-overyear vs. 4Q11, but a slight improvement from 3Q12?s -24% decline). At the time that Zynga activity on Facebook began to weaken last year, Pivotal thought it to be favorable overall that Facebook was effectively diversifying its base of Payments revenues, consistent with the company?s expectations.
Diversification Working
In 2011 platform developers received $1.4 billion from transactions enabled by Payments. In 2012 the comparable figure was $1.96 billion. If one assumes that Zynga represented $1.1 billion of this figure in 2011 and $900mm in 2012 (i.e. 93% of Zynga?s 2011 bookings and around 80% of 2012 bookings, on most recent Zynga guidance), this implies that platform developers other than Zynga Inc (NASDAQ:ZNGA)?received $1.06 billion in 2012, up from $300mm in 2011. This means that non-Zynga developers tripled the payments they received from Facebook. Perhaps equally important, the 10K states that 27 million of Facebook?s users purchased virtual goods during 2012, vs. 15 million in 2011.
A greater number of users and a wider base of economically sustainable developers is important for Facebook because it means there are more developers placing more resources towards improving the overall consumer experience on the Facebook platform. It also means there are more likely more advertisers in the future, as Facebook advertising will undoubtedly be an effective (or at least a very testable!) way for developers to market their wares.
As management pointed out during the company?s earnings call, essentially all payments revenues are derived by desktop-centric activities presently, and growing mobile use will curtail spending growth on payments in the near-term.
Domestic revenues were higher than expected
Pivotal believes that the appropriate figures to consider when assessing Facebook?s regional growth trends are the US and international revenues as broken out in the company?s 10Qs and 10Ks. These numbers can differ substantially from the geographic breakdowns provided in the company?s earnings presentations and which are more prominently highlighted in securities filings, but which are based upon revenues per user.
The appropriate driver of revenue growth is the geographic origin of the advertising budget and NOT the user of Facebook (who may or may provably affect an advertiser?s business).
Pivotal backed out estimated payments revenues on a US and international basis in their model, and then derive a US ad revenue figure. Once they further back out estimates on domestic revenue for FBX ? which likely represents spending from different advertisers or different budgets vs. the rest of Facebook ? the analysts can see year over- year budget growth for combined desktop and mobile advertising (most of which Pivotal believes to be interchangeable for the advertisers driving the mobile spending) at Facebook of 27% in the US during 4Q12, an increase from 24% in 3Q12 and 8% in 2Q12.
The company can likely sustain domestic growth rates in the 20+% range for most of next year ? before including incremental growth from FBX, which likely adds another ~20% in absolute incremental growth for Facebook?s US ad revenues during 2013.
Taxes remain a source of billions of dollars of value to be realized
Several known issues were quantified in the K that were broadly consistent with what was known. Still, the detail provided allows for more precision to be incorporated. Specifically, the company stated that as of year-end 2012, ?U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards were approximately $5.83 billion and $7.62 billion, which will expire in 2027 and 2021, respectively, if not utilized?. These NOLs have arisen from the tax losses that Facebook was allowed to accumulate because of the issuance and exercise of options and RUSs to employees.
As a practical (and model-simplifying) matter, Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB)?should not be expected to pay significant amounts of tax in the United States for many years to come, despite book tax rates which will continue to appear on the company?s income statements.
A high but declining percentage of Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB)?s net income is shielded from tax over the next five years; the company end up with a balance of NOLs at that time which on an after-tax basis may be worth hundreds of millions of dollars by that time, but given the vagaries of tax rules, the further out ?investors forecast,?conservative?investors would presume that tax laws reduce the likelihood of recovering these NOLs.
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